PHILOSOPHER: Life isn’t just hard. If the past determined everything and couldn’t be changed,
we who are living today would no longer be able to take effective steps forward in our lives.
What would happen as a result? We would end up with the kind of nihilism and pessimism that loses hope in the world and gives up on life.
The Freudian etiology that is typified by the trauma argument is determinism in a different form, and it is the road to nihilism.
Are you going to accept values like that? YOUTH: I don’t want to accept them, but the past is so powerful.
PHILOSOPHER: Think of the possibilities. If one assumes that people are beings who can change,
a set of values based on etiology becomes untenable, and one is compelled to take the position of teleology as a matter of course.
YOUTH: So you are saying that one should always take the “people can change” premise?
PHILOSOPHER: Of course. And please understand, it is Freudian etiology that denies our free will and treats humans like machines.
The young man paused and glanced around the philosopher’s study.
Floor-to-ceiling bookshelves filled the walls, and on a small wooden desk lay a fountain pen and what appeared to be a partially written manuscript.
“People are not driven by past causes but move toward goals that they themselves set”—that was the philosopher’s claim.
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